Ever since the 35mm slide projector gave way to PowerPoint, the default mode of instruction in a wide variety of fields has been the "words-on-the-wall" presentation. In some instances, this takes the form of the presenter reading aloud the text projected on the screen. In others, the relationship between the projected text and the spoken word is less rigid. At all times, speaking to protected text asks students to read and listen simultaneously, thereby creating a form of "cognitive overload" that inhibits learning.
Sweller_Visualization_in_Instructional_Design.pdfSorden_Cognitive_Theory_in_Multimedia_Learning_2012.pdfKalyuga_et_al_Redundant_Text.pdf
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